The fundamental structure of the human body and the physiological mechanisms involved in normal functioning are presented through lecture and student participation in laboratory activities.

Pre-requisites: none

Upon completion of this course, the student can:

1. Describe basic human anatomical structure,

2. Describe basic metabolic processes for organ systems,

3. Explain the interrelationships between anatomical structure and physiological processes,

4. Explain the major homeostatic mechanisms of the human body, and

5. Demonstrate basic laboratory skills, including

- basic use of the microscope

- collection and interpretation of physiological data

- identification of anatomical structures from laboratory specimens

I. The Cell and Cellular Physiology

A. Cellular organelles and their functions

B. Cell membrane structure

C. Transport

D. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

E. Enzymes

F. Cell division

1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

G. Cellular Metabolism

II. Integumentary System

A. Function of the skin

B. Layers of the skin

C. Accessory structures

D. Membranes

III. The Skeletal System

A. Functions of bones

B. Basic microscopic anatomy of bone tissue

C. Intramembranous bone formation

D. Endochondral bone formation

E. Growth and repair

F. Articulations

1. Three classes of joints

2. Synovial joint structure

IV. The Muscular System

A. Functions of muscles

B. General characteristics of muscles

C. Microscopic structure of muscle tissue

1. Muscle fibers

2. Myofibrils

D. Physiology of muscle contraction

E. Energy sources of muscle contraction

F. Types of muscle contraction

G. Body Movements

V. The Nervous System

A. Divisions of the nervous system

B. Basic anatomy of nerve tissue

C. Spinal reflexes

D. Physiology of the nerve impulses

E. Synapses and neurotransmitters

F. Spinal cord

G. Brain

H. Autonomic nervous system

I. Sensory receptors and organs

VI. The Endocrine System

A. Definition of endocrine glands and hormones

B. Mechanisms of hormonal actions

C. The endocrine glands: location, description, hormones secreted, and actions

1. Adenohypophysis

2. Neurohypophysis

3. Thyroid

4. Thymus

5. Parathyroids

6. Pancreas

7. Adrenal cortex

8. Adrenal medulla

9. Pineal gland

10. Testes

11. Ovaries

VII. The Reproductive System

A. Gametogenesis

B. Male reproductive system

1. Anatomy

2. Seminal fluid

3. Emission, erection, and ejaculation

C. Female reproductive system

1. Anatomy

2. Menstrual cycle

D. Fertilization

E. Pregnancy and associated hormonal changes

F. Parturition

VIII. The Digestive System

A. Organs: Structure and function

B. Hydrolytic enzymes

C. Review of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

D. Digestion in the mouth

E. Swallowing

F. Peristalsis

G. Gastric juice

H. Digestion in the stomach

I. Pancreatic juice

J. Duodenal juices

K. Digestion in the duodenum

L. Absorption

M. Neural and hormonal control of digestion

N. Defecation

IX. The Cardiovascular System

A. Blood

1. Plasma

2. Formed elements

3. Hemostasis

4. ABO and RH blood groups

B. Heart

1. Location and function

2. Structure

3. Circulation through the heart

4. Cardiac cycle and influencing factors

5. Heart sounds

6. Cardiac conduction system

7. Electrocardiogram

C. Circulatory system: basic structure and functions

1. Arteries and arterioles

2. Veins and venules

3. Capillaries

4. Blood pressure and influencing factors

5. Pulmonary circuit

6. Systemic circuit

7. Coronary circulation

8. Fetal circulation

X. The Lymphatic System

A. Lymphatic pathways

B. Lymphatic fluid

C. Movement of lymph fluid

D. Lymph nodes

E. Thymus

F. Spleen

G. Immune responses

XI. The Respiratory System

A. Organs: structure and functions

B. Breathing mechanism

C. Neural control of breathing

D. Factors influencing breathing

E. Alveolar gas exchange

F. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

G. Blood pH buffering

XII. The Urinary System

A. Organs: structure and functions

B. Nephrons

C. Urine formation

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular reabsorption

3. Tubular secretion

D. Hormonal and neural control of micturition

XIII. Water and Electrolyte Balance

A. Fluid compartments

B. Water balance

C. Electrolyte balance

D. Disorders in water and electrolyte balance

E. Acid-Base