The interrelationship and structure and function of each body system in two semesters. The first semester will include basic chemistry, cell structure, cell physiology, metabolism, tissues, and integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.

Reading, English, and Mathematics assessment exam scores above the KCTCS developmental placement level or successful completion of the prescribed developmental course(s) or consent of instructor.

Upon completion of this course, the student can:

1. Explain basic principles of inorganic and organic chemistry as they apply to physiological processes.

2. Describe basic cell structure and physiology.

3. Describe the structure and function of major tissue types.

4. Recognize the complementarity of structure and function.

5. Describe basic metabolic processes of organ systems.

6. Explain the interrelationships between organ systems and physiological processes.

7. Explain the major homeostatic mechanisms utilized in each body system in response to internal and external environmental changes.

8. Explain physiological and anatomical mechanisms of common dysfunctions.

I. Chemistry of Life

A. Inorganic molecules important in physiological processes

B. Basic atomic structure

C. Ion formation

D. Chemical bonding

1. Ionic

2. Covalent

3. Hydrogen

E. pH and buffering

1. Sodium bicarbonate/carbonic acid

2. Sodium monohydrogen/dihydrogen phosphates

3. Proteins

4. Hemoglobin

F. Organic functional groups

G. Organic compounds

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

5. ATP

H. Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

I. Solutions

II. Anatomical terminology

A. Directional terminology

B. Body systems

C. Body planes and sections

D. Body cavities

E. Body regions

III. Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

A. Cellular organelles and their functions

B. Cell membrane structure

C. Transport

D. Enzymes

E. Cell division

1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

IV. Metabolism

A. The function of ATP

B. Oxidation/reduction reactions

C. ATP formation

1. Glycolysis

2. Kreb's cycle

3. Electron transport chain

D. Role of glyceral, fatty acids, and amino acids in the metabolic mill

E. Protein Synthesis

V. Animal Tissues

A. Epithelial

B. Muscle

C. Connective

D. Nerve

VI. Integumentary System

A. Functions

B. Layers of the skin

C. Accessory structures

D. Membranes

VII. Skeletal System

A. Functions

B. Macroscopic anatomy of bones

C. Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue

D. Intramembranous bone formation

E. Endochondral bone formation

F. Growth and repair

G. Articulations

1. Classes of joints

2. Synovial joint structure

H. Identification of major bones and markings

VIII. Muscular system

A. Functions

B. Characteristics of muscles

C. Microscopic structure of muscle tissue

1. Muscle fibers

2. Myofibrils

D. Physiology of muscle contraction

E. Energy sources for muscle contraction

F. Types of muscle contractions

G. Movements

H. Identification

IX. Nervous system

A. Functions

B. Divisions of the nervous system

C. Anatomy of nerve tissue

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglial cells

D. Physiology of the nerve impulses

E. Synapses and neurotransmitters

F. Spinal cord

1. Gray and white matter

2. Ascending and descending tracts

3. Spinal nerves

G. Spinal reflexes

H. Brain

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Brain stem

3. Cerebellum

4. Cranial nerves

I. Autonomic nervous system

1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

J. Sensory receptors and organs

1. Skin and muscles

2. Ear

3. Eye

4. Nose

5. Tongue