The second semester continues the study of the interrelationships of organ systems, including the endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.

Pre-requisites: Completion of BIO 137 Human Anatomy and Physiology I

U*pon completion of this course, the student can:

1. Explain basic principles of inorganic and organic chemistry as they apply to physiological processes,

2. Describe basic cell structure and function,

3. Describe the structure and function of major tissue types,

4. Recognize the complementarity of structure and function.

5. Describe basic metabolic processes of organ systems.

6. Explain the interrelationships between organ systems and physiological processes.

7. Explain the major homeostatic mechanisms utilized in each body system in response to internal and external environmental changes.

8. Explain physiological and anatomical mechanisms of common dysfunctions.

I. Endocrine system

A. Functions

B. Definition of endocrine glands and hormones

C. Mechanisms of hormonal actions

D. Endocrine glands: location, description, hormones, secreted, actions, hyper-and hyposecretion

1. Adenohypophysis

2. Neurohypophysis

3. Thyroid

4. Thymus

5. Parathyroids

6. Pancreas

7. Adrenal cortex

8. Adrenal medulla

9. Pineal gland

10. Testes

11. Ovaries

12. Digestive glands

II. Reproductive system

A. Functions

B. Gametogenesis

C. Review of endocrine control

D. Anatomy of the male reproductive system

1. External structures

2. Internal structures

3. Urethra

E. Seminal fluid components

F. Emission, erection, and ejaculation

G. Anatomy of the female reproductive system

1. External structures

2. Internal structures

H. Menstrual cycle

I. Pathway of sperm to fertilization

J. Fertilization

K. Pregnancy and associated hormonal changes

L. Parturition

III. Embryology

A. Zygote and cleavage

B. Implantation

C. Embryonic stage

D. Fetal stage

E. Fetal circulation

IV. Genetics

A. The gene

B. Chromosomes

C. Gene expression

1. Genotype and phenotype

2. Complete dominance and recessiveness

3. Other types

4. Environmental influence

D. Sex-linked inheritance

E. Chromosomal disorders

V. Digestive system

A. Organs: Structure and function

B. Hydrolytic enzymes

C. Review of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

D. Digestion in the mouth

E. Swallowing

F. Peristalsis

G. Gastric juice

H. Digestion in the stomach

I. Pancreatic juice

J. Duodenal juices

K. Digestion in the duodenum

L. Abosrption

M. Neural and hormonal control of digestion

N. Defecation

VI. Cardiovascular system

A. Blood

1. Functions

2. Plasma

3. Formed elements

4. Hemostasis

5. ABO and Rh blood groups

B. Circulatory system: basic structure and functions

1. Arteries and arterioles

2. Veins and venules

3. Capillaries

4. Blood pressure and influencing factors

5. Pulmonary circuit

6. Systemic circuit

7. Coronary circulation

C. Heart

1. Functions

2. Structure

3. Circulation through the heart

4. Cardiac cycle and influencing factors

5. Heart sounds

6. Cardiac conduction system

7. Electrocardiogram

8. Abnormal heart rhythms

VII. Lymphatic system

A. Functions

B. Lymphatic pathways

C. Lymphatic fluid

D. Movement of lymph fluid

E. Lymph nodes

F. Thymus

G. Spleen

H. Immune responses

VIII. Respiratory system

A. Organs: structure and functions

B. Breathing mechanism

C. Lung volumes

D. Neural control of breathing

E. Factors influencing breathing

F. Breathing disorders

G. Gaseous exchange

H. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

I. Review of pulmonary circulation

J. Review of oxygen utilization

IX. Urinary system

A. Organs: structure and functions

B. Nephrons

C. Urine formation

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular reabsorption

3. Tubular secretion

D. Hormonal and neural control of micturition

E. Counter current multiplier mechanism

X. Water and electrolyte balance

A. Fluid compartments

B. Water balance

C. Electrolyte balance

D. Disorders in water and electrolyte balance

E. Acid-base balance

F. Buffers and buffer systems

G. Disorders of acid-base balance

1. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis

2. Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis